Important Distinguish test of Function Groups (12 Board Exam) Click Here

Answers are given in the end-

1. How will you distinguish butanol, butan-2-ol and 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

2. How will you distinguish aniline and phenol?

3.How will you distinguish phenol and ethanol?

4.How will you distinguish ethanamine and N-Methyl methanine.

5.How will you distinguish Propanamine and N,N-Dimethylethanamine.

6.How will you distinguish Propanamine, N-Methyethanamine and N,N-Dimethylmethanamine.

7. How will you distinguish Ethanol and Ethanoic acid.

8.How will you distinguish Methanal and Ethanal?

9.How will you distinguish Propanal and Propanol.

10.How will you distinguish Propanol and Ethanol?

11.How will you distinguish Choloromethane and Chlorobenzene.

Answer-
1.When Licas reagent (ZnCl2 + HCl ) is added than turbidity appears immediately in Methylbutan-2-ol ( tertiary alcohol), turbidity appears after 5 minutes in butan-2-ol ( Secondary alcohol) and no turbidity appears in butanol ( Primary alcohol).

2.Phenol gives violet colour with neutral FeCl3 while aniline does not.

3.Ethanol gives red colour with ceric ammonium nitrate while phenol does not.

4.Ethanamine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride( Hinesburg’s Reagent) which is soluble in dilute solution of NaOH, whereas N-Methyl methanine reacts but insoluble in dilute solution of NaOH.

5.Propanamine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride ( Hinesburg’s Reagent) which is soluble in dilute solution of NaOH, whereas N,N-Dimethylethanamine does not react.

6.Propanamine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride ( Hinesburg’s Reagent) which is soluble in dilute solution of NaOH whereas N-Methyl ethanine reacts but insoluble in dilute solution of NaOH whereas N,N-Dimethylethanamine does not react.

7.Ethanol gives red colour with ceric ammonium nitrate while Ethanoic acid does not.
Or Ethanol gives frutty smell of esters with ethanoic acid and few drops of conc. H2SO4 whereas ethanoic acid does not. (Note- This is ester test)

8.Ethanal gives yellow ppt with a mixture of NaOH and I₂ while methanol does not ( Iodoform,s Test)

9.Propanal gives silver mirror or black ppt with Tollen,s reagent( AgNO3 + NH4OH) while Propanol does not.
Or Propanal gives red ppt with mixture of Fehling,s solution A ( solution of CuSO4) and B ( solution of sodium potassium tartarate and NaOH) while Propanol does not.
( Note- Aldehydes gives Tollens test and Fehling,s solution test while ketones does not.)

10.Ethanol gives yellow ppt with a mixture of NaOH and I₂while propanol does not (Note-This is Iodoform,s Test given by compounds having three alpha hydrogen to carbonyl group or three beta hydrogen to alcoholic group)

11.Choloromethane gives white precipitate with AgNO3 but Chlorobenzene does not.

Electrochemistry(XII Std) Important Questions Answers

Answers are given in the end

1.What is NFE/SHE ?

2.Explain the variation of conductivity with dilution. or How does conductivity varies with dilution ? Explain the reason for the variation ?

3.Explain the variation of molar conductivity of weak electrolyte with dilution. or How does conductivity of weak electrolyte varies with dilution ? Explain the reason for the variation ?

4.Explain the variation of molar conductivity of strong electrolyte with dilution. or How does conductivity of strong electrolyte varies with dilution ? Explain the reason for the variation ?

5.Explain Kohlrausch law

6.Calculate the Vont hoff’s factor for K₄[Fe{CN)₆] .

7.What is cell constant ?

8.Why can’t molar conductivity at infinite dilution of weak electrolyte be measured using graphical method ?

9.What are the secondary cells?

10. What are the fuel cells?

11.State advantages and disadvantages of fuel cells.

Answers- 1.The hydrogen electrode at 298 K with pressure of hydrogen is 1 bar and concentration of hydrogen is 1 M is called Standard Hydrogen Electrode / Normal Hydrogen Electrode. 2.Conductivity decrease with dilution because number of ions decreases per unit volume with dilution. ( Conductivity is the conductance of solution of unit volume/ one litre. 3. Molar conductivity of weak electrolyte increases with dilution due to increase in degree of dissociation. 4.Molar conductivity of strong electrolyte increases with dilution due to decrease in interionic attraction as interionic distance increase with dilution. 5.At infinite dilution molar conductivity of weak electrolyte is sum of contribution of molar conductivities of cations and anions which are independent of each other. 6. Von,t Hoff factor = 5/1 =5. 7. Cell constant is the ratio of length between vs area of electrode = L / A 8.Because line of graph never touch molar conductivity axes. 9.The cell which can be reuse again and again by charging. 10. The cell which generate energy from fuel without burning it , is called fuel cell. 11. Advantage of fuel cell-(1) It is pollution free (2) Continuous source of electricity (3) byproduct is water. Disadvantages of fuel cell- It is costly as catalysts is costly.

d and f Block Elements – Important Questions and Answers

1. Why are transition metals ions are coloured ?

2.Transitions metals are good catalyst. Why ?

3.Transition metals form alloy. Why ?

4. Why is a dip at Mn in the graph of melting point verses atomic number ?

5. What is lanthanoid contraction ?

ANSWER-

due to d-d transition
A. Due to having variable valences B. Due to having free valencies on surface.
Due to having similar atomic sizes.
Due to weak metallic bond beacuse of half filled electronic configuration.
Decrease in the atomic size of Lanthanoids with atomic number

Camphor (कपूर):- Formula, Structure, Source, Uses & Preparation

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Camphor:-
Formula:-( C10H16O )
Structure:- bicyclic ketone ( Bicyclic means compounds containing two rings.)
Ketones is a functional group, in which one carbon has double bond with one oxygen and one-one single bond with other carbon atom.

Uses:-
1. It is burnt in worship.
2.As disinfectant, It produce lumps of carbon atoms which adsorb micro organism, particles of good or bad smell.
3.used on the skin as a painkiller in concentrations of 3% to 11%.
4.Camphor is used in many rub-on products to reduce pain related to cold sores, insect stings and bites, minor burns, and hemorrhoids.
5.It is used as one component of “amritdhara”
which is used to apply on forehead to relieve from headache.
6. It is used in products such as Vicks Vapo Rub.
7.Warning:-Oral camphor is unsafe. It is also important not to apply camphor to broken skin, because it can enter the body quickly and reach concentrations that are high enough to cause poisoning.
Source:-
1. Camphor is present in the volatile oils of camphor obtained from tree- Cinnamomum camphora ( Botanical Name ), or Camphor laurel
2.These days, camphor is usually manufactured from turpentine oil.
Process of making:- Camphor is obtained by using steam distillation of wood, twigs and bark of the Camphor tree, followed by purification and sublimation.

Occurrence of Camphor Tree:- In India, South east China, Taiwan, Japan, Mangolia, Indonesia.
Height:- 50- 60 feet ( 15 -18 metre )

Age :- 150 Years

Shape:- Umbrella

Width:- Up to 15 m

कपूर / या कर्पूरम :-
फॉर्मूला:- (C10H16O)
संरचना:- द्विचक्रीय कीटोन
( द्विचक्रीय वलय का अर्थ है दो वलय वाले यौगिक)
कीटोन एक कार्यात्मक समूह है, जिसमें एक कार्बन का एक ऑक्सीजन के साथ दोहरा बंधन होता है और अन्य कार्बन परमाणुओं के साथ एक-एक एकल बंधन होता है।

उपयोग:-
1. इसे पूजा में जलाया जाता है।
2. निस्संक्रामक के रूप में, यह कार्बन परमाणुओं की गांठें उत्पन्न करता है जो सूक्ष्म जीवों, अच्छी या बुरी गंध के कणों को सोख लेती हैं।
3.त्वचा पर दर्द निवारक के रूप में 3% से 11% की सांद्रता में उपयोग किया जाता है।
4.इसका उपयोग कई रगड़-उत्पादों में ठंड घावों, कीड़े के डंक और काटने, मामूली जलन और बवासीर से संबंधित दर्द को कम करने के लिए किया जाता है।

5.यह “अमृतधारा” के एक घटक के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, जिसे सिर दर्द से राहत पाने के लिए माथे पर लगाने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
6. इसका उपयोग विक्स वेपो रब जैसे उत्पादों में किया जाता है।
7. चेतावनी:- मुह के द्वारा इसे लेना असुरक्षित हैI यह भी महत्वपूर्ण है कि टूटी हुई त्वचा पर कपूर न लगाएं, क्योंकि यह शरीर में जल्दी से प्रवेश कर सकता है और इतनी अधिक मात्रा में सांद्रता तक पहुँच सकता है कि विषाक्तता पैदा कर सकता है।
स्रोत:-
1.कपूर पूर्व सिनामोमम कपूर (वानस्पतिक नाम) या कपूर लॉरेल के वाष्पशील तेलों में मौजूद होता है।

2.आजकल, कपूर आमतौर पर तारपीन के तेल से बनाया जाता है।
बनाने की प्रक्रिया:-
1.कपूर की लकड़ी, टहनियों और छाल के भाप आसवन का उपयोग करके कपूर प्राप्त किया जाता है, इसके बाद शुद्धिकरण और उर्ध्वपातन किया जाता है।

कपूर के पेड़ की उपस्थिति:- भारत, दक्षिण पूर्व चीन, ताइवान, जापान, मंगोलिया, इंडोनेशिया

ऊंचाई:- 50- 60 फीट (15-18 मीटर)

आयु :- 150 वर्ष

आकार:- छाता / छतरी का आकार

चौड़ाई:- 15 मी . तक