Category: Chemigod

UNIT-8-Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic acids– Competency Based Lesson / Unit Plan 12th Standard

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, ALMATTI, DISTRICT:…………………

COMPETENCY BASED LESSON PLAN/UNIT PLAN

1) Name of the teacher ……………………………        Designation: P G T Chemistry

2) Subject: Chemistry                               Class: XII                                          Section: A

3) Lesson /Unit name: Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic acids          Marks allotted: 08

4) Number of periods required: 15                           Duration: From                 to                 .

A) Learning Outcomes: (Specific to the lesson mapped with NCERT learning outcomes)

  1. The pupil will be able to recall the IUPAC naming aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids,
  2. significance of studying these compounds.
  3. The pupil will be able to  understand the structure of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids,  appreciate the planar structure at the carbonyl and carboxyl carbon due to sp2 hybridisation,  apply the electronic effects to understand the polarity in the carbonyl and carboxyl groups,  visualise the 3D structure of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids with the help of models and software.
  • iii. The pupil will be able to  recall the formation of aldehydes and ketones by hydration of alkynes,know the conversion of acid chlorides and nitriles to aldehydes,  know the mild oxidising agents used for the conversion of toluene to benzaldehyde,  extend the Gattermann-Koch reaction for preparation of benzaldehyde from benzene,  appreciate the use of alkyl cadmiums and not Grignard reagents for conversion of acid chloride into ketones,  know the preparation of ketones from acid chlorides by the use of Grignard reagent,  appreciate that some of the above reactions cannot be used for preparation of both aldehydes and ketones,   apply the reactions for inter-conversions.
  • iv. The pupil will be able  to  compare the physical properties like physical state, melting point, boiling point and solubility with other functional groups; and amongst the different members of the homologous series,  understand the nucleophilic addition reactions,   appreciate the need of acidic or basic medium for the nucleophilic addition reaction, apply the nucleophilic addition reaction on the reaction of simple aldehyde and ketones with HCN, NaHSO3, Grignard reagents, ROH, understand the nucleophilic addition followed by elimination reactions,   write the product of the reaction of simple aldehyde and ketones with –NH2G, know the reagents used for the reduction to alcohols and to  hydrocarbons.
  • v. The pupil will be able to differentiate amongst different aldehydes and ketones on the basis of oxidation tests viz., Tollen’s test, Fehling’s test, haloform test), appreciate the acidity of α-hydrogen, understand and write the aldol condensation,  predict the products of Cross-aldol condensation,  understand Cannizzarro reaction as a disproportionation reaction,  recall the meta directing nature of –CHO and –COCH3 groups,  write the product of electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration).
  • v. The pupil will be able to know the structure of carboxylic acid and derivatives, appreciate the resonance in carboxylic acid and derivatives, know the methods of preparation of carboxylic acid by oxidation of alcohols and alkyl benzenes, understand the hydrolysis of nitriles, amides and esters,  know the methods of preparation of carboxylic acid from Grignard reagent.
  • vi. The pupil will be able to write the product of the reaction of carboxylic acids with metals and alkalies, recall the acidity order amongst mono substituted carboxylic acids, writethe product of the reaction of carboxylic acids with PCl3, PCl5 and SOCl2.
  • vii. The pupil will be able to understand the product of the reaction of carboxylic acids with ammonia, knowthe product of reduction, decarboxylation , HVZ reaction and ring substitution.

B) Details of the pedagogical strategies / processes: (Art integrated/sports integrated/story telling method/toy based/any other pedagogy)

  1. Children are encouraged to observe the naturally occurring aldehydes which provide pleasant fragrances like vanillin (from vanilla beans), salicylaldehyde (from meadow sweet) and cinnamaldehyde (from cinnamon) have very pleasant fragrances.
  2. Children are encouraged to prepare an ester by the process of esterification and collect the information about the application of esters in the manufacture of perfumes.
  3. Children are encouraged to create a story on ill effects of aldehydes particularly the individuals are occupationally exposed to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde. 
  4. Children are encouraged to make an art integrated project on the role of acetone and other ketones  as solvents (i.e., acetone) and for preparing materials like adhesives, paints, resins, perfumes, plastics, fabrics, etc.

C) Topic of the lesson for presentation by the students 😦 Once in a week by rearranging classroom setting suitable for group work)

Prepare PPT on the following and present the same to the peer group and teacher concerned.

  1. Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
    1. Methods of preparation of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
    1. Properties of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
    1. Name reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.

Children are encouraged to collect the information by visiting the library or browsing the net under the guidance of subject teacher and FCSA.

D) Name 21st century skills to be developed:

  1. Critical thinking
  2.  Problem solving
  3. Communication
  4. Creativity
  5. Collaboration                   
  6. Technology skills and Digital literacy

E) Activities/Experiments/Hands on learning /Projects:

  1. Esterification reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid.
  2. Tests to distinguish aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.

F) Interdisciplinary linkage and infusion of life skills, values, gender sensitivity and environmental awareness:

  1. Recognize the role of naturally occurring aldehydes which provide pleasant fragrances like vanillin (from vanilla beans), salicylaldehyde (from meadow sweet) and cinnamaldehyde (from cinnamon) have very pleasant fragrances.
    1. Appreciate the importance of role of acetone and other ketones  as solvents (i.e., acetone) and for preparing materials like adhesives, paints, resins, perfumes, plastics, fabrics, etc.
    1. Create awareness about the ill effects of aldehydes particularly the individuals are occupationally exposed to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde. 

G) Resources (including ICT):

  1. https://ciet.nic.in/swayam_courses.php
    1. https://epathshala.nic.in/topic.php?id=12085CH02
    1. Pradeep,s Chemistry
    1. NCERT Text Book

H) Assessment items for measuring the attainment of learning outcomes in the

Class and as Home assignments (Teacher should plan Assessment Items and link the

same with learning outcomes mentioned in Para A):

Items  No of ItemsSl.No. of LOItems  No of ItemsSl.No. of LO
Oral Quiz– Presentation  
Portfolio– Puzzle  
Multiple choice Questions101 TO 5Group Project  
Very Short Answer Questions101 TO 5Individual Project  
Short Answer Questions101 TO 5Any other Item  
Long Answer Questions51 TO 5   
Competency based Questions3    

Note: The teacher will keep the records of all assessment items.

I) Remedial Teaching Plans/Plan for unfinished portion of previous unit:

  1. Practice of previous year CBSE questions.
    1. Practice of competency-based questions.
    1. Practice of Assertion-reason type of questions.
    1. Practice of MCQs

J) Inclusive Practices (Activities/Support measures for differently abled students): NA

Date:                                                                                             (Signature of the teacher)

Remarks of the Principal/Vice Principal:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

                                                                           (Signature of the Principal/Vice Principal)

PRACTICAL EXAM (CBSE) QUESTION PAPER 2025

Download from here–>

Practical Question Paper CBSE 2024-25Download

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA ………………, Distt. ………….., (……)

AISSCE-2023

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL PAPER

Time : 3 hours                                                   Date:-                                                            M.M.  :  30

Instructions :

  1. Question number 1,2 and 3 to be performed in the lab.
  2. All question are compulsory.
  3. Perform the given experiment and report that in examination note book systematically.
  4. Use all precaution measure while working in the lab and protect your note book from chemicals burn etc.

Q1. Find out the molarity and strength in g/L of given KMnO4 solution by using M/20 Mohr salt solution.                                                 

Or Find out the molarity and strength in g/L of given KMnO4 solution by using M/20 oxalic acid solution.                                                                                                              (8)

Q2. To detect the presence of one cation and one anion in given salt.               (8)

Q3. Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.       (6)

Q4. Investigatory Project and viva voice                                                              (4)

Q5. Class record and viva-voice                                                            (4)

Marking Scheme:

  1. Experiments:
  2. Volumetric analysis                                          08
  3. Salt  analysis                                                    08
  4. Content based expt.                                        06
  5. Class record and viva                                      04
  6. Investigatory project                                       04

Total                                                 30         

Sign of Internal Examiner                                                      Sign of External Examiner

Name:                                                           Name:-

PGT Chemistry                                                                          PGT Chemistry

Azeotropic mixture, Minimum & Maximum Boiling Azeotropes

An azeotrope, also known as a constant boiling point mixture, comprises two or more components in fluidic states, wherein their proportions cannot be modified through simple distillation. This occurs because during boiling, the vapor maintains the same composition as the original mixture. Understanding azeotropic behavior is crucial in fluid separation techniques.it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation and therefore, azeotropic distillation is usually used instead. (एज़ोट्रोप, जिसे निरंतर क्वथनांक मिश्रण के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, में तरल अवस्था में दो या दो से अधिक घटक शामिल होते हैं, जिसमें उनके अनुपात को सरल आसवन के माध्यम से संशोधित नहीं किया जा सकता है। ऐसा इसलिए होता है क्योंकि उबलने के दौरान वाष्प मूल मिश्रण के समान ही संरचना बनाए रखता है। द्रव पृथक्करण तकनीकों में एज़ोट्रोपिक व्यवहार को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है। आंशिक आसवन द्वारा घटकों को अलग करना संभव नहीं है और इसलिए, इसके बजाय आमतौर पर एज़ोट्रोपिक आसवन का उपयोग किया जाता हैI)

Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling point temperatures of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope). For both positive and negative azeotropes, (प्रत्येक एज़ोट्रोप का एक विशिष्ट क्वथनांक होता है। किसी एज़ोट्रोप का क्वथनांक या तो उसके किसी भी घटक (एक सकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप) के क्वथनांक तापमान से कम होता है, या उसके किसी भी घटक (एक नकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप) के क्वथनांक से अधिक होता है। सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक दोनों एज़ोट्रोप के लिए, आंशिक आसवन द्वारा घटकों को अलग करना संभव नहीं है और इसके बजाय आमतौर पर एज़ोट्रोपिक आसवन का उपयोग किया जाता है।)

Type of Azeotropic MixtureExampleBoiling Point of EthanolBoiling Point of WaterComposition of Azeotropic MixtureBoiling Point of Azeotropic Mixture
Minimum Boiling AzeotropesEthanol & water78.4 0C100 0C95.63& Ethanol & 4.37 Water by mass78.2 0C
Type of Azeotropic MixtureExampleBoiling Point Nitric acidBoiling Point of WaterComposition of Azeotropic MixtureBoiling Point of Azeotropic Mixture
Maximum Boiling AzeotropesNitric and water 83 0C100 0C68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass120.5°C
Type of Azeotropic MixtureExampleBoiling Point Hydrochloric acidBoiling Point of WaterComposition of Azeotropic MixtureBoiling Point of Azeotropic Mixture
Maximum Boiling AzeotropesHydrochloric acid and Water-85 0C100 0Chydrochloric acid 20.2% and 79.8% water by mass120.4 °C (393.5 K)

A solution of two liquids that shows greater positive deviation from Raoult’s law forms a minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than boiling temperature of any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called minimum boiling mixtures. A well-known example of a positive azeotrope is an ethanol–water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) consisting of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by mass), which boils at 78.2 °C. Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C, water boils at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2 °C, which is lower than either of its constituents. Once this composition has been achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further separation occurs.(दो तरल पदार्थों का एक समाधान जो राउल्ट के नियम से अधिक सकारात्मक विचलन दिखाता है, एक विशिष्ट संरचना पर न्यूनतम उबलते एज़ियोट्रोप बनाता है। सामान्य तौर पर, एक सकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप अपने घटकों के किसी भी अन्य अनुपात के उबलते तापमान की तुलना में कम तापमान पर उबलता है। धनात्मक एज़ोट्रोप्स को न्यूनतम उबलने वाला मिश्रण भी कहा जाता है। सकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप का एक प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण इथेनॉल-पानी का मिश्रण (शर्करा के किण्वन द्वारा प्राप्त) है जिसमें 95.63% इथेनॉल और 4.37% पानी (द्रव्यमान द्वारा) होता है, जो 78.2 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर उबलता है। इथेनॉल 78.4 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर उबलता है, पानी 100 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर उबलता है, लेकिन एज़ियोट्रोप 78.2 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर उबलता है, जो इसके किसी भी घटक से कम है। एक बार यह संरचना प्राप्त हो जाने के बाद, तरल और वाष्प की संरचना समान हो जाती है, और आगे कोई पृथक्करण नहीं होता है।)

A solution that shows large negative deviation from Raoult’s law forms a maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. Nitric acid and water is an example of this class ( negative deviation ) of azeotrope. This azeotrope has an approximate composition of 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass, with a boiling point of 393.5 K (120.4 °C). A negative azeotrope boils at a higher temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Negative azeotropes are also called maximum boiling mixtures azeotropes. Another example of a negative azeotrope is hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 20.2% and 79.8% water (by mass). Hydrogen chloride boils at -85 °C and water at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 110 °C, which is higher than either of its constituents. (एक समाधान जो राउल्ट के नियम से बड़ा नकारात्मक विचलन दिखाता है, एक विशिष्ट संरचना पर अधिकतम उबलता हुआ एज़ोट्रोप बनाता है। नाइट्रिक एसिड और पानी एज़ोट्रोप के इस वर्ग (नकारात्मक विचलन) का एक उदाहरण है। इस एज़ोट्रोप में द्रव्यमान के हिसाब से 68% नाइट्रिक एसिड और 32% पानी की अनुमानित संरचना होती है, जिसका क्वथनांक 393.5 K (120.4 डिग्री सेल्सियस) होता है। एक नकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप अपने घटकों के किसी भी अन्य अनुपात की तुलना में उच्च तापमान पर उबलता है। नकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप्स को अधिकतम क्वथनांक मिश्रण एज़ोट्रोप्स भी कहा जाता है। नकारात्मक एज़ोट्रोप का एक अन्य उदाहरण 20.2% और 79.8% पानी (द्रव्यमान द्वारा) की सांद्रता पर हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड है। हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड -85 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर और पानी 100 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर उबलता है, लेकिन एज़ोट्रोप 110 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर उबलता है, जो इसके किसी भी घटक से अधिक है।)

Reimer Tiemann,s Reaction

When phenol is treated with chloroform (CHCl3) in presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce salicylaldehyde ( ortho Hydroxybenzaldehyde) is known as Reimer Tiemann,s Reaction.

This reaction is actually formylation (Addition of -CHO group) of phenol at ortho position.

Short Mechanism:-