Camphor (कपूर):- Formula, Structure, Source, Uses & Preparation

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Camphor:-
Formula:-( C10H16O )
Structure:-
bicyclic ketone ( Bicyclic means compounds containing two rings.)
Ketones is a functional group, in which one carbon has double bond with one oxygen and one-one single bond with other carbon atom.

Uses:-
1. It is burnt in worship.
2.As disinfectant, It produce lumps of carbon atoms which adsorb micro organism, particles of good or bad smell.
3.used on the skin as a painkiller in concentrations of 3% to 11%.
4.Camphor is used in many rub-on products to reduce pain related to cold sores, insect stings and bites, minor burns, and hemorrhoids.
5.It is used as one component of “amritdhara”
which is used to apply on forehead to relieve from headache.
6. It is used in products such as Vicks Vapo Rub.
7.Warning:-Oral camphor is unsafe. It is also important not to apply camphor to broken skin, because it can enter the body quickly and reach concentrations that are high enough to cause poisoning.
Source:-
1. Camphor is present in the volatile oils of camphor obtained from tree- Cinnamomum camphora ( Botanical Name ), or Camphor laurel
2.These days, camphor is usually manufactured from turpentine oil.
Process of making:- Camphor is obtained by using steam distillation of wood, twigs and bark of the Camphor tree, followed by purification and sublimation.

Occurrence of Camphor Tree:- In India, South east China, Taiwan, Japan, Mangolia, Indonesia.
Height:- 50- 60 feet ( 15 -18 metre )

Age :- 150 Years

Shape:- Umbrella

Width:- Up to 15 m

कपूर / या कर्पूरम :-
फॉर्मूला:- (C10H16O)
संरचना:- द्विचक्रीय कीटोन
( द्विचक्रीय वलय का अर्थ है दो वलय वाले यौगिक)
कीटोन एक कार्यात्मक समूह है, जिसमें एक कार्बन का एक ऑक्सीजन के साथ दोहरा बंधन होता है और अन्य कार्बन परमाणुओं के साथ एक-एक एकल बंधन होता है।

उपयोग:-
1. इसे पूजा में जलाया जाता है।
2. निस्संक्रामक के रूप में, यह कार्बन परमाणुओं की गांठें उत्पन्न करता है जो सूक्ष्म जीवों, अच्छी या बुरी गंध के कणों को सोख लेती हैं।
3.त्वचा पर दर्द निवारक के रूप में 3% से 11% की सांद्रता में उपयोग किया जाता है।
4.इसका उपयोग कई रगड़-उत्पादों में ठंड घावों, कीड़े के डंक और काटने, मामूली जलन और बवासीर से संबंधित दर्द को कम करने के लिए किया जाता है।

5.यह “अमृतधारा” के एक घटक के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, जिसे सिर दर्द से राहत पाने के लिए माथे पर लगाने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
6. इसका उपयोग विक्स वेपो रब जैसे उत्पादों में किया जाता है।
7. चेतावनी:- मुह के द्वारा इसे लेना असुरक्षित हैI यह भी महत्वपूर्ण है कि टूटी हुई त्वचा पर कपूर न लगाएं, क्योंकि यह शरीर में जल्दी से प्रवेश कर सकता है और इतनी अधिक मात्रा में सांद्रता तक पहुँच सकता है कि विषाक्तता पैदा कर सकता है।
स्रोत:-
1.कपूर पूर्व सिनामोमम कपूर (वानस्पतिक नाम) या कपूर लॉरेल के वाष्पशील तेलों में मौजूद होता है।


2.आजकल, कपूर आमतौर पर तारपीन के तेल से बनाया जाता है।
बनाने की प्रक्रिया:-
1.कपूर की लकड़ी, टहनियों और छाल के भाप आसवन का उपयोग करके कपूर प्राप्त किया जाता है, इसके बाद शुद्धिकरण और उर्ध्वपातन किया जाता है।

कपूर के पेड़ की उपस्थिति:- भारत, दक्षिण पूर्व चीन, ताइवान, जापान, मंगोलिया, इंडोनेशिया

ऊंचाई:- 50- 60 फीट (15-18 मीटर)

आयु :- 150 वर्ष

आकार:- छाता / छतरी का आकार

चौड़ाई:- 15 मी . तक

Term-2: 2021-2022-Class 7,8,9 and11-Question paper with Answer key of Exam in JNV,s

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Class-8

Subject-Social Science /Social Study

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Question papers and answer key of Examination 18.04.2022

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Class-8

Subject-Social Science /Social Study

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Term-2: 2021-2022-Class 7,8,9 and11-Question paper with Answer key First Day Exam in JNV,s

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Class- 11

Subject-English

Class- 9

Subject- Social Study / Social Science

Investigatory Project No:-19- To investigate the chloride content in milk. अन्वेषी / खोजी / जांच परियोजना:-19-दूध में क्लोराइड की मात्रा की जांच करना।

Investigatory Project for Class 11 and 12 Chemistry and Biology CBSE Students

Aim:- To investigate the chloride content in milk.
Apparatus:- Conical flask, burette, pipettes etc.
Reagents:- Ferric alum indicator: In 10% nitric acid, prepared by boiling excess of iron alum, cooling and filtering; Potassium thiocyanate: 0.05 N, (standardized against standard potassium chloride.), Silver nitrate: Approximately 0.05 N, Concentrated nitric acid.
Theory:- The normal range of chloride content


in cow’s milk is 80-140 mg/100 ml and
in buffalo’s milk is 60-70 mg/100 ml.

Determination of chloride content in milk can be used as a means of detecting abnormal milk such as infected udders, colostrum and late lactation milk which are usually high in chloride content.
Values of chloride content higher than 0.14% (140 mg/ 100 ml) in milk indicate the presence of abnormal milk.

Estimation of chloride content in milk is based on argentometric titration (Volhard’s method). In this method a known excess quantity of standard AgNO3 solution is added to the known volume of milk. The chloride present in milk reacts with silver nitrate and forms white precipitate of insoluble silver chloride. The unused AgNO3 (which is present in excess) is back titrated against standard potassium thiocyanate (KCNS) in presence of concentrated HNO3 using ferric alum as indicator. End point of titration is the first appearance of orange-red colour which persists for at least 15 seconds. End point of titration is not clearly visible in sample titration with potassium thiocyanate (KCNS). HNO3 is added to the system to dissolve the interfering casein and also to make the solution acidic so as to keep the AgCI in the precipitated form.

Reactions:-

CI- + Ag+ —–》 AgCI
(until all Cl- is complexed)

Ag+ + SCN- ——-》 AgSCN
(to quantitate silver not complexed with chloride)

SCN- + Fe3+ —–》 FeSCN
(orange-red when there is any SCN- not complexed to Ag+)

Preparation of reagents:-
A. Potassium thiocyanate -0.05 N Solution

w = M x GMM X V ( in ml)/ 1000 w = N x GEM X V ( in ml)/ 1000

w = 0.05 N x 97 g mol- X 100 ml / 1000 = 0.485 g

Dissolve 0.485 g of in water present in 100 ml volumetric flask and make up with water up to the ring.
B. Silver nitrate: Approximately 0.05 N Solution

w = M x GMM X V ( in ml)/ 1000 w = N x GEM X V ( in ml)/ 1000

w = 0.05 N x 170 g mol- X 100 ml / 1000 = 0.85 g

Dissolve 0.85 g of in water present in 100 ml volumetric flask and make up with water up to the ring.

Procedure:-
Take 10 g of the sample, accurately weighed in a 250 ml of Erlenmeyer flask.
To this add 10 ml of silver nitrate solution and 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid. Shake the content.
Digest the mixture until reddish brown fumes are evolved.
Cool the flask and add 1 ml of saturated iron alum solution.
Determine the excess of silver nitrate by titrating with the standard potassium thiocyanate until the first appearance of an orange red colour that persists for 10 seconds.
In the same manner, determine the volume of the standard thiocyanate solution equivalent to 10 ml of silver nitrate using the same volumes of reagents and water.

S.N.Sample of milkX = volume in ml of the standard potassium thiocyanate solution required by the blankY = volume in ml of the standard potassium thiocyanate solution required by the sample{X- Y } Chloride, % by weight = 0.01773 (Y – X)Chloride as sodium chloride, % by weight = 0.02923 (Y- X)
1Cow milk of healthy cow
2Cow milk with infected udders
3Cow milk with colostrum
4Cow milk with late lactation
5Buffalo milk of healthy Buffalo
6Cow milk with infected udders
7Cow milk with colostrum
8Cow milk with late lactation

Calculations:-
Chloride, % by weight = 0.01773 (Y – X)

Chloride as sodium chloride, % by weight = 0.02923 (Y- X) Where,

X = volume in ml of the standard potassium thiocyanate solution required by the blank,
and
Y = volume in ml of the standard potassium thiocyanate solution required by the sample.

Resut:-The samples of milk of cow/ Buffalo with infected udders, colostrum and late lactation cases have more chloride content.

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